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    Nostr 創始人:Drivechain才是比特幣的未來

    白話區塊鏈 2023-06-27 12:30:08
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    隨著 Drivechain 方案的介入,比特幣生態會也將迎來一片繁榮。

    作者:LayerTwo Labs / 來源:https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/vZSUxHJN5xLqvVOvL93m1w

    I. 引言

    II. 什么是 Nostr

    III. Nostr 去中心化社交協議的爆火

    IV. Nostr 創始人對比特幣擴容方案 Drivechain 的高度認可

    V. 總結

    I. 引言

    2022 年底,一個名為 Nostr 的去中心化社交協議在整個 Web3 行業引起了轟動。Nostr 全稱是 Notes and Other Stuff Transmitted by Relays,是一個于 2020 年啟動的去中心化社交網絡開源協議。項目創始人 Fiatjaf 也是比特幣和閃電網絡的開發者。

    Nostr 的創新之處在于,它是一個完全去中心化的社交協議,用戶可以通過該協議發布內容、與其他用戶互動,從而真正解決了審查制度的災難滑坡。Nostr 的出現吸引了大量用戶的關注和參與,一時間名聲大噪。

    然而,Nostr 也因其爭議性內容而被 Twitter 現任 CEO Elon Musk 封殺。這一事件還引發了社交媒體審查和言論自由的爭議。但是,Twitter 前任 CEO Jack Dorsey 對 Nostr 表示了支持,并自掏 14 BTC 為其提供資助。這一舉動引起了業內人士的熱議,也給了 Nostr 更多的曝光度和發展機會。

    Nostr 的爆火和爭議引起了人們對于去中心化社交協議的關注和討論的同時, 讓我們回過頭來看看 Nostr 背后的開發者 Fiatjaf 對于極客精神的推崇,以及他對他之前深耕的比特幣生態的一些觀點。(Twitter 當時的禁止政策)

    II. 什么是 Nostr?

    Nostr 是一個最簡化的協議,它能夠一勞永逸地創建一個抗審查的全球“社交”網絡。Nostr 不依賴于任何受信中央服務器,其基于密碼學密鑰和簽名,并且不依賴于 P2P 技術,它也不會發行 Token。

    那它的運作原理是怎樣的呢?簡單來說:每個人都運行一個客戶端,這可以是本機客戶端、Web 客戶端等。要發布某些內容(比如一個帖子),你要用你的密鑰對其簽名,并將其發送到多個中繼器(由其他人或你自己托管的服務器)。要從其他人那里獲得更新,你可以詢問多個中繼器是否了解這些其他人。任何人都可以運行中繼器,這是非常簡單的,除了接受某些人的帖子并轉發給其他人之外,它什么都不做。我們也不需要信任中繼器,簽名是在客戶端進行驗證的。

    由于 Nostr 的開發者 Fiatjaf 同時也是比特幣和閃電網絡的開發者,因此 Nostr 原生支持閃電網絡。閃電網絡速度非常快,性能非常強,能夠承載高并發應用,這樣的結合為 Nostr 上的應用帶來了強有力的支撐。

    Nostr 協議為去中心化社交提供了樂高積木。作為一個精細設計的基礎設施,就可以讓隱秘的超級開發者們搭建出超越想象而又極具比特幣內核的產品。這就是 Nostr 協議的魔力所在!

    III. Nostr 去中心化社交協議的爆火

    Nostr 之所以能夠爆火,主要是因為它提供了一種全新的社交媒體體驗,并且將比特幣精神和區塊鏈技術與社交媒體結合在一起。

    所以真正導致 Nostr 爆火的因素有以下幾點:

      ● 去中心化,Nostr 不被任何中央機構或公司所控制。相反,網絡只是獨立運行的數據中繼器(服務器)的集合。這意味著 Nostr 作為一個整體不易受到任何單一實體的審查或操縱。這對社交媒體審查和言論自由的保護性極具特點,也就是吸引了更多人的關注和關心原因之一。

      ● 匿名,與許多社交媒體平臺不同,Nostr 不會收集用戶數據并將其出售給第三方廣告商。沒有電子郵件地址、電話號碼或政府身份與 Nostr 賬戶相關聯。就像比特幣一樣,該系統只通過公鑰和加密簽名來驗證數據的有效性。這味著用戶可以完全掌控自己的數據和隱私。這就吸引了很多關注隱私保護的用戶。

      ● 貨幣化,Nostr 為內容創作者提供了獨特的貨幣化系統。與其他社交媒體平臺依靠廣告收入來支付內容創作者不同,Nostr 允許內容創作者直接將其內容貨幣化,粉絲可以打賞小費(又稱「zaps」)。Nostr 基礎設施供應商同樣可以通過閃電網絡支付將他們提供的服務貨幣化。但也要歸功于 Fiatjaf 曾經在構建閃電網絡時所掌握的經驗,這使得用戶可以在 Nostr 上進行快速、便捷的交易,也增加了 Nostr 的用戶體驗。

      ● 開源,Nostr 代碼可供任何人查看、使用和修改。這允許在協議的開發中實現透明與協作。任何人都可以為 Nostr 的開發做出貢獻,社區可以共同合作,逐步改進該協議。Nostr 的設計具有靈活性和適應性,可以不斷發展以滿足用戶需求。它會讓用戶感受到自己擁有并投資了這一協議,這對協議的長期成功至關重要。

    Nostr 的爆火是由多方面因素共同作用的結果。它的去中心化、貨幣化、閃電網絡支付、互動性和爭議性等特點吸引了大量用戶的關注和參與。正是因為這些因素的構成,Nostr 也為比特幣和區塊鏈技術在社交媒體領域的應用提供了新的范例,這就是技術的魅力,也是 Fiatjaf 極客精神的一種展現!

    IV. Nostr 創始人對 Drivechain 的高度認可

    不管是 Nostr 還是比特幣,始終都逃不了一個問題。拿 Nostr 來說,當 Nostr 的日活躍用戶接近 10 萬時。由于中繼提供動力的基礎設施承載的壓力變得較大,開發者就需要實施 CDN 和圖像優化器,以減少帶寬使用,好讓 Nostr 協議變得流暢。所以大家應該明白我要說的是什么了,沒錯就是擴容的問題。至于 Nostr 的擴容問題我們暫時不議,當其生態到達一定規模之后應該會有新的方案出現,而比特幣的擴容問題現在確實才是一件當務之急的大事。

    前面說過匿名開發者 Fiatjaf 不僅是 Nostr 的 Builder,也是比特幣的早期開發者,也為閃電網絡社區的 LNURL 做過貢獻。他還創建了中心化的以太坊應用 Etleneum ,利用閃電網絡提高比特幣付款的速度和可擴展性。與其他許多比特幣用戶一樣,Fiatjaf 不想透露自己的真實姓名。他可能是在堅定自己的心中那份難得的比特幣精神。

    因為過去的架構經驗,Fiatjaf 對比特幣擴容的一些觀點有著不可置疑的權威性以及建設性。在眾多比特幣擴容方案中 Fiatjaf 對 Drivechain 似乎是格外看好的,他認為可以通過 BIP-301 機制或 Spacechains 機制來完成 Drivechain 的概念。( Fiatjaf 2021 年發推表示:Drivechain 是 BTC 唯一的希望)而且 Fiatjaf 在自己的社交媒體推特上不止一次為 Drivechain 打 CALL,也同時為其創始人 Paul Sztorc 帶領的 LayerTwo Labs 整個團隊打 CALL!要知道,Fiatjaf 在比特幣社區中還以其對技術的敏銳洞察力和獨到見解而著稱。他對比特幣生態系統中的技術方案和項目進行了深入的研究和分析,提出了許多有價值的觀點和建議。他的聲音在比特幣社區中有著廣泛的認可和影響力。

     

    因此,Fiatjaf 的支持和認可不僅反映了 Drivechain 在比特幣社區中的價值和創新性,也體現了 Paul Sztorc 所帶領的 LayerTwo Labs 團隊在比特幣未來技術發展和創新方面的重要貢獻。這里要申明的一點是 Fiatjaf 和 Paul Sztorc 本人包括其團隊( LayerTwo Labs )并沒有任何的商業往來,所以我們看得出他們之間更多的可能是技術極客對彼此的那種心心相惜,也證明了 Drivechain 方案的技術“優越性”!

    (Fiatjaf 發推表示:我們需要 Drivechain,不然數千人在過去 13 年中的 BTC 行業相關的所有工作都是徒勞的)

    Fiatjaf 認為 Drivechain 可以解決目前比特幣所面臨的所有問題,Drivechain 可以使比特幣的實驗和新用例成為更多可能,比如發行 Token、隱私交易、智能合約、圖靈完備性、Gamefi、DeFi 、預言機等等,這些都是一些非常有價值的生態布局,但從來沒有在比特幣生態中真正落地過,因為以上所說的這些在比特幣上并不能完全實現。它們要么用概念欺騙用戶,要么被歸入 Liquid 或 RSK 這樣的托管方案,從而無法真正獲得相應的網絡效應。

    不同的是開發者可以采用 Drivechain 方案根據各種不同的應用場景,創建各種基于 Drivechain 的側鏈,那么所有這些用戶群體都可以同時得到滿足。而所有場景在側鏈中實現的同時,側鏈也對比特幣主鏈并沒有任何危害,Drivechain 似乎在完成任務的同時也解決了比特幣 "擴容"問題、區塊鏈的安全預算問題以及讓比特幣更加去中心化。

    這就不難看出 Fiatjaf 為什么一再看好并推崇 Drivechain,比特幣生態的敘事想要更上一層,勢必需要 Drivechain 方案的介入,而這個日子我想也不會太遠。

    V. 總結

    有時候針對一個事務的難點可能會有成千上百個人花費十年甚至更多時間要去攻克它,其意義就是它的存在或著誕生是能解決更多更大的問題,被惠及之人將它奉為解放和革命的象征。如今在 Web3 行業飛速發展的今天 k 比特幣生態的發展刻不容緩。Drivechain 的出現對于比特幣生態系統來說是非常必要的。它可以為比特幣網絡提供可擴展性和創新性,同時還 k 以保障比特幣主鏈的安全性,可以說是全方位的滿足了比特幣生態的發展,從而推動整個生態的發展和壯大。

    我相信隨著 Drivechain 方案的介入,比特幣生態會也將迎來一片繁榮。屆時 Drivechain 雖然不能像 Nostr 一樣全網迅速爆火,但它將會比 Nostr“火的”更持久,如比特幣那樣!

    特別注釋:
    1):Nostr 是一個極簡的去中心化社交協議,其不依賴任何中心化服務器,客戶端信息發布和傳遞由互不通信的中繼端來完成,信息的發布和傳輸具有抗審查性。任何用戶都可以創建公私鑰,而無需依賴于特定的社交賬號或域名,使得用戶入駐更加簡便且擺脫了來自第三方服務器的限制。獲得了比特幣社區的追捧,當時遭到了 Twitter 現任 CEO Elon Musk 的封殺,同時也讓 Twitter 前任 CEO Jack Dorsey 自掏 14 BTC 為其提供資助。

    2):Fiatjaf 是一名匿名開發者,他是 Nostr 的開發者同時也是比特幣和閃電網絡的開發者。

    3):Fiatjaf 認為 Drivechain 將給比特幣生態帶來新范式。

    引用參考:
    1):https://fiatjaf.com/drivechain.html(Fiatjaf 對 Drivechain 發表的看法原文)
    2):https://foresightnews.pro/article/detail/24607
    3):https://twitter.com/fiatjaf
    4):https://link3.cc/layertwolabs

    下面是 Fiatjaf 對 Drivechain 發表看法的原文(以下文章附帶了英文原版以及中文翻譯,還有對應可以跳轉到原文的鏈接):

    Understanding Drivechain requires a shift from the paradigm most bitcoiners are used to. It is not about “trustlessness” or “mathematical certainty”, but game theory and incentives. (Well, Bitcoin in general is also that, but people prefer to ignore it and focus on some illusion of trustlessness provided by mathematics.)
    Here we will describe the basic mechanism (simple) and incentives (complex) of “hashrate escrow” and how it enables a 2-way peg between the mainchain (Bitcoin) and various sidechains.
    The full concept of “Drivechain” also involves blind merged mining (i.e., the sidechains mine themselves by publishing their block hashes to the mainchain without the miners having to run the sidechain software), but this is much easier to understand and can be accomplished either by the BIP-301 mechanism or by the Spacechains mechanism.

    理解 Drivechain(驅動鏈)需要改變大多數比特幣玩家習慣的范式。它不是關于 "不可信任 "或 "數學上的確定性",而是關于博弈論和激勵。(一般來說比特幣也是這樣的,但人們更愿意忽略它本身,而專注于數學提供的一些不信任的假象)。
    在這里,我們將描述 "hashrate escrow "的基本機制(簡單)和激勵機制(復雜),以及它如何實現主鏈(比特幣)和各種側鏈之間的雙向掛鉤。
    "Drivechain "的完整概念還涉及到盲目合并挖礦(即側鏈通過向主鏈發布其區塊哈希值來自行挖礦,礦工無需運行側鏈軟件),但這更容易理解,可以通過 BIP-301 機制或 Spacechains 機制來完成。

    How does hashrate escrow work from the point of view of Bitcoin?
    A new address type is created. Anything that goes in that is locked and can only be spent if all miners agree on the Withdrawal Transaction (WT^) that will spend it for 6 months. There is one of these special addresses for each sidechain.
    To gather miners’ agreement bitcoind keeps track of the “score” of all transactions that could possibly spend from that address. On every block mined, for each sidechain, the miner can use a portion of their coinbase to either increase the score of one WT^ by 1 while decreasing the score of all others by 1; or they can decrease the score of all WT^s by 1; or they can do nothing.
    Once a transaction has gotten a score high enough, it is published and funds are effectively transferred from the sidechain to the withdrawing users.
    If a timeout of 6 months passes and the score doesn’t meet the threshold, that WT^ is discarded.

    從比特幣的角度來看,哈希率托管是如何工作的?
    一個新的地址類型被創建。任何進入該地址的事物都會被鎖定,只有在所有礦工都同意提現交易(WT^)的情況下才能花掉,而提現交易需要 6 個月。每條側鏈都有一個這樣的特殊地址。
    為了收集礦工的同意,bitcoind 記錄了所有可能從該地址支出的交易的 "分數"。在每一個開采的區塊中,對每一條側鏈,礦工可以用他們的一部分 coinbase 來增加一個 WT^的分數,同時減少其他所有 WT^的分數,或者他們可以減少所有 WT^的分數,或者他們可以不做任何事情。
    一旦一個交易得到了足夠高的分數,它就會被公布,資金就會有效地從側鏈轉移到提現用戶手中。
    如果 6 個月的超時時間過去,分數沒有達到閾值,該 WT^就會被丟棄。

    What does the above procedure mean?
    It means that people can transfer coins from the mainchain to a sidechain by depositing to the special address. Then they can withdraw from the sidechain by making a special withdraw transaction in the sidechain.
    The special transaction somehow freezes funds in the sidechain while a transaction that aggregates all withdrawals into a single mainchain WT^, which is then submitted to the mainchain miners so they can start voting on it and finally after some months it is published.
    Now the crucial part: the validity of the WT^ is not verified by the Bitcoin mainchain rules, i.e., if Bob has requested a withdraw from the sidechain to his mainchain address, but someone publishes a wrong WT^ that instead takes Bob’s funds and sends them to Alice’s main address there is no way the mainchain will know that. What determines the “validity” of the WT^ is the miner vote score and only that. It is the job of miners to vote correctly – and for that they may want to run the sidechain node in SPV mode so they can attest for the existence of a reference to the WT^ transaction in the sidechain blockchain (which then ensures it is ok) or do these checks by some other means.

    上述程序意味著什么?
    它意味著人們可以通過向特殊地址存款,將 Coin 從主鏈轉移到側鏈。然后,他們可以通過在側鏈上進行特殊的提現交易來從側鏈上提款。
    特殊交易在某種程度上凍結了側鏈中的資金,而將所有提現匯總到一個主鏈 WT^的交易,然后提交給主鏈礦工,讓他們開始投票,并在幾個月后公布。
    現在最關鍵的部分是:WT^的有效性不被比特幣主鏈規則所驗證,也就是說,如果 Bob 要求從側鏈提現到他的主鏈地址,但有人發布了一個錯誤的 WT^,反而把 Bob 的資金送到了 Alice 的主鏈地址,主鏈不可能知道這點。只有礦工的投票分數決定 WT^的 "有效性 "。礦工的工作是正確投票--為此他們可能想在 SPV 模式下運行側鏈節點,這樣他們就可以證明側鏈區塊鏈中存在對 WT^交易的引用(這樣就可以確保它是正確的),或者通過一些其他方式進行這些檢查。

    What? 6 months to get my money back?
    Yes. But no, in practice anyone who wants their money back will be able to use an atomic swap, submarine swap or other similar service to transfer funds from the sidechain to the mainchain and vice-versa. The long delayed withdraw costs would be incurred by few liquidity providers that would gain some small profit from it.

    需要 6 個月才能拿回屬于你的錢?
    對,但也不對,因為在實踐中,任何想拿回自己錢的人都可以使用原子交換、潛交換或其他類似的服務,將資金從側鏈轉移到主鏈,反之亦然。長時間的延遲提現成本將由少數流動性提供商承擔,他們將獲得小額利潤。

    Why bother with this at all?
    Drivechains solve many different problems:
    It enables experimentation and new use cases for Bitcoinpoo
    Issued assets, fully private transactions, stateful blockchain contracts, turing-completeness, decepo?ontralized games, some “DeFi” aspects, prediction markets, futarchy, decentralized and yet meaningful human-readable names, big blocks with a ton of normal transactions on them, a chain optimized only for Lighting-style networks to be built on top of it.
    These are some ideas that may have merit to them, but were never actually tried because they couldn’t be tried with real Bitcoin or inferfacing with real bitcoins. They were either relegated to the shitcoin territory or to custodial solutions like Liquid or RSK that may have failed to gain network effect because of that.

    為什么要這樣做呢?
    Drivechains 可以解決許多不同的問題:
    它使比特幣的實驗和新用例成為可能
    發行的資產、完全私有的交易、有狀態的區塊鏈合約、圖靈完備性、去中心化的游戲、一些 "DeFi "方面、預測市場、去中心化但又有意義的人類可讀名稱、有大量正常交易的大區塊、只為在其上建立閃電式網絡而優化的鏈。
    這些都是一些可能有價值的想法,但從來沒有真正嘗試過,因為它們不能用真正的比特幣來嘗試或干擾。它們要么被歸入屎幣領域,要么被歸入 Liquid 或 RSK 這樣的托管方案,可能因此而無法獲得網絡效應。

    It solves conflicts and infighting
    Some people want fully private transactions in a UTXO model, others want “accounts” they can tie to their name and build reputation on top; some people want simple multisig solutions, others want complex code that reads a ton of variables; some people want to put all the transactions on a global chain in batches every 10 minutes, others want off-chain instant transactions backed by funds previously locked in channels; some want to spend, others want to just hold; some want to use blockchain technology to solve all the problems in the world, others just want to solve money.
    With Drivechain-based sidechains all these groups can be happy simultaneously and don’t fight. Meanwhile they will all be using the same money and contributing to each other’s ecosystem even unwillingly, it’s also easy and free for them to change their group affiliation later, which reduces cognitive dissonance.

    它解決了沖突和內訌
    有些人希望在 UTXO 模式下進行完全私人的交易,有些人則希望 "賬戶 "可以和他們的名字綁定,并在上面建立聲譽;有些人希望有簡單的 multisig 解決方案,有些人則希望有復雜的代碼來讀取大量的變量;有些人希望每 10 分鐘分批將所有的交易放在全球鏈上,有些人則希望在鏈外進行即時交易,并由之前鎖定在渠道中的資金支持;有些人想消費,有些人只想持有;有些人想用區塊鏈技術來解決世界上的所有問題,有些人只想解決資金問題。
    有了基于 Drivechain 的側鏈,所有這些群體都可以同時得到滿足。此外,他們都會使用同樣的資金,并為對方的生態系統做出貢獻,即使是不情愿的,他們以后改變自己的群體歸屬也很容易,這就減少了認知上的不協調。

    It solves “scaling”
    Multiple chains like the ones described above would certainly do a lot to accommodate many more transactions that the current Bitcoin chain can. One could have special Lightning Network chains, but even just big block chains or big-block-mimblewimble chains or whatnot could probably do a good job. Or even something less cool like 200 independent chains just like Bitcoin is today, no extra features (and you can call it “sharding”), just that would already multiply the current total capacity by 200.
    Use your imagination.

    它解決了 "擴容"問題
    像上面描述的那樣的多條鏈,肯定會做很多事情來容納更多的交易,而目前的比特幣鏈可以做到。我們可以有特殊的閃電網絡鏈,但即使只是大區塊鏈或大區塊-混沌鏈或其它鏈,也可能做得很好。或者甚至是那些聽起來不那么厲害的事物,比如 200 條獨立的鏈,就像今天的比特幣一樣,沒有額外的功能(你可以稱之為 "分片"),只是這已經將目前的總容量乘以 200 了。
    所以,請發揮您的想象力。

    It solves the blockchain security budget issue
    The calculation is simple: you imagine what security budget is reasonable for each block in a world without block subsidy and divide that for the amount of bytes you can fit in a single block: that is the price to be paid in satoshis per byte. In reasonable estimative, the price necessary for every Bitcoin transaction goes to very large amounts, such that not only any day-to-day transaction has insanely prohibitive costs, but also Lightning channel opens and closes are impracticable.
    So without a solution like Drivechain you’ll be left with only one alternative: pushing Bitcoin usage to trusted services like Liquid and RSK or custodial Lightning wallets. With Drivechain, though, there could be thousands of transactions happening in sidechains and being all aggregated into a sidechain block that would then pay a very large fee to be published (via blind merged mining) to the mainchain. Bitcoin security guaranteed.

    它解決了區塊鏈的安全預算問題
    計算方法很簡單:請想象一下,在沒有區塊補貼的世界里,每個區塊的安全預算是多少,然后把它除以一個區塊所能容納的字節數:這就是每個字節所要支付的價格(Satoshi 聰)。在合理的估計中,每筆比特幣交易平臺需的價格會達到非常大的數額,這樣一來,不僅任何日常交易都會有瘋狂的成本,而且閃電通道的開啟和關閉也是不可行的。
    因此,如果沒有像 Drivechain 這樣的解決方案,我們將只剩下一個選擇:將比特幣的使用推給 Liquid 和 RSK 這樣值得信賴的服務或托管的 Lightning 錢包。不過,有了 Drivechain,可能會有成千上萬的交易發生在側鏈上,并被全部匯總到側鏈區塊中,然后支付非常大的費用被發布到主鏈上(通過盲目合并采礦)。因此,比特幣的安全性得到保證。

    It keeps Bitcoin decentralized
    Once we have sidechains to accomodate the normal transactions, the mainchain functionality can be reduced to be only a “hub” for the sidechains’ comings and goings, and then the maximum block size for the mainchain can be reduced to, say, 100kb, which would make running a full node very very easy.

    它使比特幣保持去中心化
    一旦我們有了側鏈來容納正常的交易,主鏈的功能就可以減少到只作為側鏈來往的 "樞紐",然后主鏈的最大區塊大小可以減少到,如 100kb,這將使運行一個完整的節點非常非常容易。

    Can miners steal?
    Yes. If a group of coordinated miners are able to secure the majority of the hashpower and keep their coordination for 6 months, they can publish a WT^ that takes the money from the sidechains and pays to themselves.

    礦工可以盜竊嗎?
    可以。如果一組協調的礦工能夠確保大多數時候下的哈希功率,并保持協調工作 6 個月,他們可以發布一個提現交易,從側鏈上取錢并支付給自己。

    Will miners steal?
    No, because the incentives are such that they won’t.
    Although it may look at first that stealing is an obvious strategy for miners as it is free money, there are many costs involved:
      1.The cost of ceasing blind-merged mining returns – as stealing will kill a sidechain, all the fees from it that miners would be expected to earn for the next years are gone;
      2.The cost of community goodwill – when participating in a steal operation, a miner will suffer a ton of backlash from the community, which is not something to be ignored. If they are public entities they can be physically harassed, receive death threats, or be persecuted by the State justice system;
      3.The cost of coordination – assuming miners are just normal businesses, they just want to do their work and get paid, but stealing from a Drivechain will require coordination with other miners to conduct an immoral act in a way that has many pitfalls and is likely to be broken over the months;
      4.The cost of miners leaving your mining pool: when we talked about “miners” above we were actually talking about mining pools operators, so they must also consider the risk of miners migrating from their mining pool to others as they begin the process of stealing;
      5.The cost of Bitcoin price going down: If a steal is successful that will mean Drivechains are not safe, therefore Bitcoin is less useful, and miner credibility will also be hurt, which are likely to cause the Bitcoin price to go down, which in turn may kill the miners’ businesses and savings;
      6.Another small way the community goodwill can end up affecting self-interested miners is that if they attempt to steal, even if failing at the end, that will contribute to growing concerns over exaggerated miners power over the Bitcoin ecosystem, which may end up causing the community to agree on a hard-fork to change the mining algorithm in the future, or to do something to increase participation of more entities in the mining process (such as development or cheapment of new ASICs), which have a chance of decreasing the profits of current miners.
    Another point to take in consideration is that one may be inclined to think a newly-created sidechain or a sidechain with relatively low usage may be more easily stolen from, since the blind merged mining returns from it (point 1 above) are going to be small – but the fact is also that a sidechain with small usage will also have less money to be stolen from, and since the other costs besides 1 are less elastic at the end it will not be worth stealing from these too.
    All of the above consideration are valid only if miners are stealing from good sidechains. If there is a sidechain that is doing things wrong, scamming people, not being used at all, or is full of bugs, for example, that will be perceived as a bad sidechain, and then miners can and will safely steal from it and kill it, which will be perceived as a good thing by everybody.

    那么,礦工會作惡嗎?
    不會,因為激勵機制的存在。
    雖然一開始看起來盜竊是礦工的明顯策略,但這里面涉及許多成本:

    1. 停止盲目合并挖礦收益的成本--由于偷竊會毀掉一條側鏈,礦工在未來幾年內有望從中獲得的所有費用都會消失;
    2. 社區商譽的成本--當參與偷竊行為時,礦工將遭受來自社區的大量反擊,這是不容忽視的。如果他們是公共實體,他們會受到人身騷擾,收到死亡威脅,或受到國家司法系統的迫害;
    3. 協調的成本--假設礦工是正常的企業,他們只想做自己的工作并獲得報酬,但從 Drivechain 上偷竊將需要與其他礦工協調來進行不道德的行為,這種方式有很多隱患,很可能在幾個月內被打破;
    4. 礦工離開礦池的成本:當我們在上面談到 "礦工 "時,我們實際上是在談論礦池運營商,所以他們也必須考慮礦工在開始偷竊過程中從他們的礦池遷移到其他礦池的風險;
    5. 比特幣價格下跌的代價:如果偷竊成功,那就意味著 Drivechain 不安全,因此比特幣的作用就會降低,礦工的信譽也會受到傷害,這些都有可能導致比特幣價格下跌,進而可能扼殺礦工的生意和存款;
    6. 社區的善意最終可能影響到自利的礦工的另一個方法是,如果他們試圖偷竊,即使最后失敗了,這將促使人們對礦工在比特幣生態系統的權力越來越擔心,這可能最終導致社區同意在未來改變挖礦算法的硬分叉,或做一些事情來增加更多實體參與挖礦過程(如開發或使用廉價的新 ASIC),這有可能減少當前礦工的利益。
      另一個需要考慮的問題是,人們可能傾向于認為一條新創建的側鏈或使用率相對較低的側鏈可能更容易被盜,因為它的盲目合并挖礦收益(上述第 1 點)會很小--但事實也是,一條使用率低的側鏈也會有較少的錢被盜,而且由于除 1 之外的其他成本最終彈性較小,所以也不值得從這些側鏈上偷竊。
      所有上述考慮只有在礦工從優質側鏈中偷竊時才有效。例如,如果有一條側鏈正在做錯事、欺騙人們、根本不被使用,或者充滿了漏洞,這將被認為是一條劣質側鏈,然后礦工可以而且會安全地從它那里偷竊并銷毀它,這將被大家認為是一件好事。

    What do we do if miners steal?
    Paul Sztorc has suggested in the past that a user-activated soft-fork could prevent miners from stealing, i.e., most Bitcoin users and nodes issue a rule similar to this one to invalidate the inclusion of a faulty WT^ and thus cause any miner that includes it in a block to be relegated to their own Bitcoin fork that other nodes won’t accept.
    This suggestion has made people think Drivechain is a sidechain solution backed by user-actived soft-forks for safety, which is very far from the truth. Drivechains must not and will not rely on this kind of soft-fork, although they are possible, as the coordination costs are too high and no one should ever expect these things to happen.
    If even with all the incentives against them (see above) miners do still steal from a good sidechain that will mean the failure of the Drivechain experiment. It will very likely also mean the failure of the Bitcoin experiment too, as it will be proven that miners can coordinate to act maliciously over a prolonged period of time regardless of economic and social incentives, meaning they are probably in it just for attacking Bitcoin, backed by nation-states or something else, and therefore no Bitcoin transaction in the mainchain is to be expected to be safe ever again.

    如果礦工盜竊,我們該怎么做?
    過去,Paul Sztorc 曾建議,用戶激活的軟分叉可以防止礦工偷竊,也就是說,大多數比特幣用戶和節點發布一個類似的規則,使有問題的提現交易平臺包含的內容無效,從而導致任何在區塊中包含它的礦工被降級為他們自己的比特幣分叉,并不獲得其它節點的接納。
    這個建議讓人們認為 Drivechain 是一個由用戶行為的軟分叉支持的安全的側鏈解決方案,這與事實相差甚遠。Drivechain 絕不能也不會依賴這種軟分叉,盡管它們是可能的,但因為協調成本太高,這種事情最好不要發生。
    如果礦工們在所有的激勵措施下(見上文)仍然從一條優質側鏈中偷竊,這將意味著 Drivechain 實驗的失敗。這也很可能意味著比特幣實驗的失敗,因為它將被證明,礦工可以在很長一段時間內協調惡意行為,而不考慮經濟和社會激勵,這意味著他們可能只是為了攻擊比特幣,得到民族國家或其他東西的支持,因此主鏈上的任何比特幣交易都將不再安全。

    Why use this and not a full-blown trustless and open sidechain technology?
    Because it is impossible.
    If you ever heard someone saying “just use a sidechain”, “do this in a sidechain” or anything like that, be aware that these people are either talking about “federated” sidechains (i.e., funds are kept in custody by a group of entities) or they are talking about Drivechain, or they are disillusioned and think it is possible to do sidechains in any other manner.

    為什么要使用它而不是全面的無信任和開放的側鏈技術?
    因為這是不可能的。
    如果你曾經聽到有人說 "只要使用側鏈","在側鏈中做這個 "或類似的話,請注意,這些人要么是在談論 "聯合 "側鏈(即資金由一組實體保管),要么是在談論 Drivechain,要么是幻想破滅,認為以其他任何方式做側鏈都是可能的。

    No, I mean a trustless 2-way peg with correctness of the withdrawals verified by the Bitcoin protocol!
    That is not possible unless Bitcoin verifies all transactions that happen in all the sidechains, which would be akin to drastically increasing the blocksize and expanding the Bitcoin rules in tons of ways, i.e., a terrible idea that no one wants.

    不,我的意思是一個無信任的雙向掛鉤、提現的正確性由比特幣協議來驗證!
    這是不可能的,除非比特幣驗證所有側鏈中發生的所有交易,這就相當于大幅增加區塊大小,并以大量方式擴大比特幣規則,也就是說,這是無人認可的可怕的想法。

    What about the Blockstream sidechains whitepaper?
    Yes, that was a way to do it. The Drivechain hashrate escrow is a conceptually simpler way to achieve the same thing with improved incentives, less junk in the chain, more safety.

    Blockstream 側鏈白皮書呢?
    是的,那是一種方法。Drivechain 哈希率托管是一種概念上更簡單的方式,以改善激勵機制,減少鏈上垃圾,更安全地實現同樣的事情。

    Isn’t the hashrate escrow a very complex soft-fork?
    Yes, but it is much simpler than SegWit. And, unlike SegWit, it doesn’t force anything on users, i.e., it isn’t a mandatory blocksize increase.

    哈希率托管不是一個非常復雜的軟分叉嗎?
    是的,但它比 SegWit 要簡單得多。而且,與 SegWit 不同,它不會強迫用戶做任何事情,也就是說,它不會強制性地增加區塊大小。

    Why should we expect miners to care enough to participate in the voting mechanism?
    Because it’s in their own self-interest to do it, and it costs very little. Today over half of the miners mine RSK. It’s not blind merged mining, it’s a very convoluted process that requires them to run a RSK full node. For the Drivechain sidechains, an SPV node would be enough, or maybe just getting data from a block explorer API, so much much simpler.

    為什么我們要期望礦工關心并參與投票機制?
    因為這樣做符合他們自己的利益,而且成本很低。今天,超過一半的礦工都在開采 RSK。這不是盲目的合并挖礦,這是一個非常復雜的過程,需要他們運行一個 RSK 全節點。對于 Drivechain 側鏈來說,一個 SPV 節點就足夠了,或者可能只是從區塊探索者 API 中獲取數據,這樣就簡單多了。

    What if I still don’t like Drivechain even after reading this?
    That is the entire point! You don’t have to like it or use it as long as you’re fine with other people using it. The hashrate escrow special addresses will not impact you at all, validation cost is minimal, and you get the benefit of people who want to use Drivechain migrating to their own sidechains and freeing up space for you in the mainchain. See also the point above about infighting.

    如果我看完后這些仍然不喜歡 Drivechain 呢?
    這就是問題的關鍵所在:你不需要喜歡它,也不需要使用它,只要你對其他人使用它沒有意見。哈希率托管的特殊地址根本不會影響到你,驗證成本最低,而且你可以得到想要使用 Drivechain 的人遷移到他們自己的側鏈的好處,在主鏈上為你騰出空間。也請看上面關于內訌的觀點。

     

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